He used the pseudonym Ryszard Wraga. He was born on 28 July 1902 in Vinnytsia in Podolia and died on 30 January 1968 in Leesburg (USA). In the Second Polish Republic, he was an infantry captain in the Polish Army and an officer of the Polish military intelligence, serving, among others, as the head of the Eastern Section of the Second Department of the General Staff. His analyses of international politics and Soviet policies were published, among others, in the conservative Bunt Młodych [“Young Rebellion”] biweekly. During World War II he lectured, among others, at the school for Polish intelligence officers, but was removed amidst a scandal. From 1945 to 1949, he lived in London where he worked at the Ministry of Information and was a lecturer at the Polish Institute of Eastern Affairs and at the Free Polish University. From 1949 to 1958, he resided in Paris where he acted as consultant on Soviet affairs at the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After emigrating to the United States, he worked at the Library of Congress, and subsequently at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, which was a leading Soviet studies centre at the time. He wrote, inter alia, Ustrój sowiecki: marksizm a stalinizm, komunizm a sowietyzacja [“The Soviet system: Marxism and Stalinism, communism and Sovietisation”] (1945) and Integral communism: a program for action; analysis of the eighty-one party statement (1961).