Born in Krzywonosy (present-day Belarus) on the 13^th of September, 1854, he studied medicine in Saint Petersburg and then lectured on physiology at the Jagiellonian University. In 1891 he became a member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. His scientific research and works – such as, for instance, Biologia wobec najnowszych badań fizycznych (1905), or Fizjologia człowieka (4 vol., 1891-96) - paved the way for the future development of encephalography and endocrinology. Apart from medicine, he was also interested in social issues, publishing the following titles on that subject: O stosunkach ekonomicznych w organizmie ludzkim (1889), Czy państwa i społeczeństwa mają obowiązek popierać naukę? (1895), Nauka wobec wojny (1918), or Psychofizjologiczne podstawy przewrotów społecznych. Z rozmyślań nad współczesnym życiem człowieka (1919). He died in Krzeszowice on the 26^th of April, 1919.