B. Feb. 1, 1862, Kursk (Russia). Studied law at the Warsaw University, but before completing the course he went abroad, where he took up philosophical and pedagogical studies at various German universities, mainly in Leipzig. He worked for the St. Petersburg weekly Kraj, and contributed to Głos, Tygodnik Ilustrowany, Wisła, Gazeta Warszawska, and Gazeta Polska. 1897-1914 on the editing board of Przegląd Filozoficzny. In 1906 elected to the first National Duma. 1906-14 lectured for the open university in Warsaw. 1920-32 lectured in philosophy and pedagogy at the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, focusing on epistemology and aesthetics; his works include Szkice estetyczne [“Aesthetic Essays”, 1884], Über den kritischen Realismus (1887), Racjonalizm w teorii poznania Kanta [“Rationalism in Kant’s Theory of Knowledge”, 1898], and Rozdwojenie myśli polskiej [“Duality of Polish Thought”, 1901]; he translated and prefaced works by E. Tardieu, A. Schopenhauer and E. Dubois-Reimond. D. 1945, Vilnius.